Can You Prevent the Bonk During Exercise?

Bonk - hitting the wall
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Bonking, or "hitting the wall," is a term most athletes recognize. While it isn't something all will experience, when you bonk, you'll know it. It's unmistakable—the feeling of severe weakness, fatigue, confusion, and disorientation is something you will not want to experience more than once.

Causes

The short answer is that bonking refers to low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), and simply running out of fuel for your body and your brain.

The long answer is a little more complicated. The energy pathways that provide fuel for long-distance exercise rely on adequate and continuous supplies of glucose to keep your muscles contracting. You get this glucose from several sources:

  • Your bloodstream—which gets used up within a few minutes of high-level exercise.
  • Your muscle cells—which can carry most people through a 90-minute workout just fine.
  • Your liver—it releases glucose into the bloodstream to keep up with demand.

At rest, this can be plenty of glucose to keep all your bodily functions going strong for hours at a time. But during high-intensity endurance exercises such as a five-hour bike race or Ironman triathlon, you can quickly use up all your stored glucose. If you don't continually add some more fuel, that can spell disaster for your body and your mind.

It's not just your muscles that need glucose to function properly. Your brain needs glucose too. If you use up all the glucose in your system and "hit the wall," you won't just have to slow down and stop exercising; you may experience a variety of cognitive symptoms as well.

Signs and Symptoms

If you watch any Ironman triathlon events, you'll find more than one athlete staggering along the course, appearing dazed, confused, and disoriented. These are all athletes who drastically depleted their glucose stores.

Lack of glucose in your bloodstream has both emotional and cognitive effects in addition to physical ones. When blood glucose levels drop too low, the first thing you'll experience is problems continuing muscle contractions. You will feel slow, heavy and weak. If you keep going, physical exertion becomes increasingly difficult and you may even start to experience muscle trembling and shaking, sweating, and lack of coordination. You may feel extreme hunger or no appetite at all.

At this point, your body is protecting your brain by shutting down your muscles. Soon, your brain and nervous system will be affected, and the result is the mental and emotional symptoms of bonking. Dizziness, light-headedness, tunnel-vision, and disorientation are all common experiences. Anxiety, nervousness, and even irritability and hostility may develop in some people. Some athletes experience an overwhelming feeling of depression. At its most extreme, hypoglycemia can result in seizures and even coma.

Anyone can bonk if they don’t eat properly during intense endurance exercise. Lance Armstrong bonked during the climb up the Col de Joux Plane in the French Alps during the 2000 Tour de France. At the time, he recalled it as the worst day on the bike he’d ever had.

Bonking is more common in cycling than other sports because pedaling causes far less muscle damage than something like running, so you can continue cycling at an extremely high intensity for hours on end. The limiting factor for elite cyclists with well-trained muscles tends to be available energy rather than muscle fatigue. However, many runners and triathletes will find themselves on the road to a bonk, particularly during competition.

What to Do If You Bonk

As soon as you feel any of these warning signs, especially if you've been exercising hard for a couple of hours, stop exercise, and eat some simple carbohydrates that can be rapidly absorbed.

The best sources are sugary drinks such as sports drinks like Gatorade or Powerade, fruit juice, or an energy gel washed down with lots of water to get it into your bloodstream quickly. Other options are straight sugar such as hard candies, gumdrops or jelly beans. Energy bars and solid foods are full of complex carbohydrates take longer to process, so they are less helpful during a bonk.

If you catch the bonk early enough, you might be able to keep riding—though it might be slower—and refuel with glucose and carbs. But if you are really hitting the wall, you should stop, eat, and recover before continuing with the exercise.

Ask for Help If You Are Bonking

One important factor in recognizing and recovering from a bonk is to be aware that you may not be thinking clearly. For this reason, it's a good idea to ask for help. Have someone keep an eye on you as you recover, especially if you choose to keep going. Use the buddy system to prevent further decline, and to make sure you are riding safely. For your part, try to pay more attention to what’s happening around you and keep checking in with yourself frequently.

How to Prevent the Bonk

To prevent your blood sugar from dropping to dangerous, bonk-inducing levels, it's wise to eat properly for exercise and to eat at regular intervals. If you exercise intensely for more than two hours, try to eat something small every 15 to 20 minutes. It doesn't really matter what you eat, as long as it works for you. Some athletes like energy bars or chews for convenience but foods like fruits, nuts, PB&J, and pretzels all work just fine. Try different foods to find your favorite before competitions. Then, stick with your plan.

Recognizing Your Personal Warning Signs of the Bonk

Keep in mind that developing low blood sugar isn't just related to how far and how fast you've exercised. It also depends on how well your glucose stores were stocked before your ride, how efficient your body is at accessing and delivering glucose, and a variety of other factors including the conditions, terrain, and climate.

Getting to know your body and paying attention to how you feel is more important than just eating and drinking on a schedule. Over time, you will learn your own unique responses to low blood sugar, when it is likely to happen, and how to stop it from getting worse.

2 Sources
Verywell Fit uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
  1. Schöpf V, Fischmeister FPhS, Windischberger C, et al. Effects of individual glucose levels on the neuronal correlates of emotions. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00212.

  2. Getzin AR, Milner C, Harkins M. Fueling the triathlete: evidence-based practical advice for athletes of all levels. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2017;16(4):240-246. doi:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000386.

Additional Reading

By Elizabeth Quinn, MS
Elizabeth Quinn is an exercise physiologist, sports medicine writer, and fitness consultant for corporate wellness and rehabilitation clinics.